I present to your attention the second part of the series of reviews devoted to the coins of Latin American states formed after the collapse of the Spanish colonial empire.
The Viceroyalty of Peru was located on the territory of the modern South American states of Peru, Chile, as well as part of Bolivia. On the territory of Chile was located the Captaincy General of the same name, formally subordinate to the Viceroy of Peru.
Peru
KM # 187.1, 1 centavo 1863, copper-nickel alloy, 1 M equivalent, production years 1863, 1864
KM # 188.1, 2 centavos 1863, copper-nickel alloy, 1 MM equivalent, production years 1863, 1864
Coins in denominations of 1 and 2 centavos were originally conceived in copper-nickel, but withstood only two years of issue and, starting in 1875, began to be issued on copper or bronze blanks .
KM # 187.1a, 1 centavo 1876, bronze, years 1875-1878
KM # 188.1a, 2 centavos 1876, copper or bronze, years 1864-1879
Other denominations of the first release line were made on silver blanks of 0.900 samples.
KM # 190, 1 dinero (10 centavos) 1875, silver 0.900, production years 1863-1877
KM # 191, 1/5 salt (20 centavos) 1866, silver 0.900, issue years 1863-1875
In 1879, the country was noticeably lacking in trifles. The meager circulation of coins issued in 1 and 2 centavos, the short-term issue of coins in the dinero ½ did not cover the needs of the population for a bargaining chip. To replace banknotes with coins, the government of the Republic of Peru was forced to decide to issue large editions of non-standard denominations for the country: 5, 10 and 20 centavos on copper-nickel billets. Some catalogs indicate that the coins were issued by the mint in Lima, but a number of authoritative sources refute this. Coins commissioned by the Peruvian government were minted at the Brussels Mint (Belgium ).
KM # 197, 5 centavos 1879, copper-nickel alloy, 12 million equivalent, years 1879, 1880
KM # 198, 10 centavos 1880, copper-nickel alloy, 4 million exes, years 1879, 1880
KM # 199, 20 centavos 1879, copper-nickel alloy, 498 thousand equivalent, single year of manufacture
Coins are unpretentious, the sun is again depicted on the obverse, this time with a human face and now looks more like an Incan deity. It is believed that the issue of coins of this series was provoked by the outbreak of the Second Pacific War (1879-1883), in which Peru and Bolivia were defeated by Chile, supported by Great Britain. In fact, the order was issued earlier and has nothing to do with the war for the deposits of saltpeter.
Peru's participation in this war is connected with the decree of the Peruvian government of March 20, 1880, according to which the state temporarily switches to a new monetary unit - the Golden Inca. In 1880-1882, according to this decree, ½ real, 1 and 5 pesetas of silver were issued. 1 peseta = 20 centavos.
Having recovered from the defeat in the war, starting in 1886, Peru resumes issuing silver coins in traditional denominations. Sitting "Freedom" has found new features, compare.
KM # 206, ½ dinero 1916, silver 0.900, 860 thousand exs. years of production 1890-1917
KM # 204, 1 dinero 1912, silver 0.900, 400 thousand exs. years of production 1888-1916
KM # 205, 1/5 salt 1912, silver 0.900, 300 thousand exes, production years 1888-1917
These denominations, as well as a 1/5 salt coin, have ceased to be issued on silver blanks since 1918. About this a little later.
In 1897, the Peruvian pound of gold, equivalent to 10 salts, was adopted as currency. The release of the entire line of coins, at the same time, continues unchanged .
In 1901, salt was "re-tied" from the French franc to the English pound sterling. Pegging to the pound continued until 1930, when Peru abandoned the gold standard and pegged salt to the US dollar at 2.5 sols = 1 US dollar. This course remained unchanged until 1946.
The release of bronze trifles was resumed later: 1 centavo in 1901, 2 centavos in 1895. It should be noted that coins of this denomination continued to be issued until 1949 and have several types, differing in the size and style of the inscriptions, as well as the thickness of the blanks .
At first, the face value is 1 centavo.
On coins issued in 1901, 1904, 1933-1941, in comparison with the previous type, the name of the state and the date of issue of the coin on the obverse were changed. The appearance of the cornucopia on the reverse also changed .
KM # 208.2, 1 centavo 1935, bronze, 1 M ex. years 1933-1941
Coins of this type issued in 1941-1944 significantly lost weight due to a decrease in the thickness of the workpiece.
KM # 208a, 1 centavo 1942, bronze, 2.9 million copies, years 1941-1944
At the same time, from 1909 to 1949, coins of 1 centavo were issued in Peru in another spelling of the name of the currency - the inscription is curved. From 1909 to 1939 on thick, from 1941 to 1949 on thin blanks.
KM # 211a, 1 centavo 1942, bronze, years of manufacture 1941-1949
Let's move on to 2 centavo coins.
The design of the 1895 coin resembles those of previous issues. It was released in the United States, Waterbury commissioned by the Peruvian government.
A curved inscription of the name of the currency "centavos" appeared on coins of this denomination in 1917.
KM # 212.1, 2 centavos 1935, bronze, 950 thousand copies, production years 1917-1941
Since 1941, the thickness of coins of this denomination has also decreased.
KM # 212.2, 2 centavos 1941, bronze, 870 thousand copies, years of production 1941-1949
In 1919, the Philadelphia Mint issued coins in denominations of 1 and 2 centavos, in a design repeating coins of the same denomination issued in 1864-1879.
KM # 187, 1 Centavo 1919, Bronze, 4 M Ex., Single Year of Manufacture
KM # A212, 2 centavos 1919, bronze, 3 million ex. only year of production
As mentioned above, in 1918 the names and material of silver denominations changed ½ dinero, 1 dinero, 1/5 salt to copper-nickel 5, 10, 20 centavos. It is also noteworthy that for the first time the year of issue of the coin began to be indicated in words, not numbers .
KM # 213, 5 centavos 1941, copper-nickel alloy, 2 million equivalent, years of production 1918-1941
KM # 214, 10 centavos 1926, copper-nickel alloy, 3 million equivalent, years of manufacture 1918-1941
KM # 215, 20 centavos 1921, copper-nickel alloy, 8.5 million equivalent, years of manufacture 1918-1941
In 1942, brass blanks began to be used to issue coins of these denominations.
KM # 213.2a, 5 centavos 1942, brass, 4 M ex. years 1942-1944
KM # 214a.1, 10 centavos 1943, brass, 2 million copies, years 1942-1944
The next type of issued coins is 5, 10, 20 centavos - with the digital spelling of the year. These coins were issued until the 60s of the XX century. Pay attention to the difference in the size of the inscription with the name of the state.
KM # 224.1, 10 centavos 1945, brass, 2.8 MMex. years of manufacture 1945-1946
KM # 221.1, 20 centavos 1944, brass, 3 MMex. years of production 1942-1944
KM # 221.2, 20 centavos 1945, brass, 3 M ex. years 1945-1946
The silver sample in coins of senior denominations in 1923 fell to 0.500. At the same time, the weight and diameter of the coins remained the same.
KM # 216, 1/2 salt 1935, silver 0.500, 2.7 M ex, years 1922-1935
KM # 218.2, 1 salt 1934, silver 0.500, 2.9 M ex. years 1923-1935
In accordance with law No. 7126 of February 10, 1930, the official name of the Peruvian currency changed to "Golden Salt" (Sol de oro).
In 1935, for the first time, a coin in the ½ of salt was issued on brass blanks.
KM # 220, ½ salt 1935, brass, 10 MM equivalent, years of manufacture 1935-1965
The same fate, but a little later, in 1943, befell the older monetary unit - 1 salt.
KM # 222, 1 salt 1944, brass, 10M equivalent, years 1943-1965
In conclusion, I will present a remake of a token minted to raise funds for the construction of a monument to the hero of the Second Pacific War (1879-1883) - Admiral Miguel Grau.
20 cents 1935 (token)
Admiral Miguel Grau Seminario (1834-1879)
Chile
Chile's independence from the Spanish kingdom was proclaimed in 1810. This was followed by a struggle for freedom with the armed forces of the Viceroyalty of Peru, led by the illegitimate son of Captain General of Chile and Viceroy of Peru Bernardo O'Higgins and lawyer Manuel Rodriguez.
Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (years 1778-1842)
Meanwhile, in 1817, Chile issued its first coins as an independent state. These were silver pesos equal to ½ escudos or 8 Spanish reales of the colonial period. Then, in 1832, Chile produced silver reals and gold escudos.
In 1835, the government began to "accustom" the population to new decimal denominations, issued coins in denominations of ½ and 1 centavo. The circulation of reals and escudos released earlier, while continuing without restrictions .
In 1851, a law of January 9, 1851 and a decree of March 19, 1851, a full-fledged monetary reform was carried out in Chile, as a result of which Chile switched to the decimal monetary system. The line of 1851-1853. the issue included coins in denominations of ½ and 1 centavo, ½ and 1 dinero, 20 and 50 centavos and 1 peso. At the same time, the cost of 1 peso was tied to 5 French francs, and brought it to the silver standard: 22.5 grams of pure silver for 1 peso.
KM # 126, ½ centavo 1853, copper, 2.7 MMex. single year of manufacture
KM # 127, 1 centavo 1853, copper, 2.7 MMex. single year of manufacture
Copper coinage was ordered at the English private mints Soho Mint in Handsworth (½ centavos) and Heaton's Mint in Birmingham (1 centavos). Part of the burden of issuing 1 centavo coins was taken over by its own mint in Santiago. This variety of stamp pairs used gave rise to several varieties of copper coins issued.
Like most coins of the civilized world issued in that period, the reverse of Chilean coins had its motto, which read "ECONOMIA ES RIQUEZA" (Economy is wealth). The obverse of the copper coins depicted a silver star - one of the elements of the national coat of arms of Chile, approved in 1834.
On the reverse of silver coins from ½ decimo to 50 pesos, the national symbol of Chile was depicted - a condor with outstretched wings and a chain in its beak, surrounded by the country's national motto "POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA" (Right or by force). On the obverse , the silver star was supplemented with other details of the national coat of arms - a two-tone shield crowned with blue, white and red feathers, which are surrounded by a laurel wreath.
On the 1 peso coin, the condor on the reverse was already "standing" on the ground, holding the shield with its left paw.
By law of July 28, 1860 and decree of August 20, 1860, the denominations of ½, 1 decimo and 20 centavos were issued in reduced weight, but with the preservation of the design and sample of silver.
Silver coins of 0.900 samples in 1864 were issued in a new design, on the basis of a decree of August 5, 1864. On the reverse of all denominations from ½ decimo to 1 peso, the condor now "stood" on the ground, holding a shield with his right paw.
By the following decrees of October 21, 1865 of June 14, 1879, the silver sample for issuing coins in denominations of ½, 1 decimo and 20 centavos is reduced to 0.835 and 0.500, respectively.
KM # 137.3, ½ decimo 1893, silver 0.500, 850 thousand copies, years 1867-1894
KM # 136.3, 1 decimo 1885, silver 0.500, 116 thousand copies, years 1867-1894
KM # 138.4, 20 centavos 1893, silver 0.500, 1.4 M ex. years 1867-1893
The first copper-nickel coins of Chile were issued in 1870, based on the law of October 25. It was a line of three coins in denominations of ½, 1 and 2 centavos, issued in a single design. The obverse of the coins depicts a female profile in a Phrygian cap with a wreath of ears representing "Freedom."
KM # 146, 1 centavo 1871, copper-nickel alloy, 1.7 M equivalent, production years 1870-1877
The following laws of October 25, 1879 and August 10, 1886, introduce these denominations already on copper blanks, and also add a face value of 2 ½ centavos to the line.
In the period from 1904 to 1919, coins in 1, 2 and 2 ½ centavos were once again reissued in a new design, after which denominations of less than 5 centavos were no longer issued in Chile until the middle of the 20th century.
In 1885, the gold standard was adopted in Chile, which tied the national currency to the British pound at a rate of 13-1/3 pesos = 1 pound (or 1 peso = 1 shilling 6 pence ).
On February 11, 1895, the Government of the Republic of Chile issued Law No. 277, which was called the Metal Conversion Law. This time, the sizes of the issued coins are again reduced and the denominations "decimo" disappear from the line - they were replaced by the usual denominations of 5 and 10 centavos for us. The design of this line of coins of Chile was taken up by the famous French engraver Luis Oscar Roti. His "condor" on coins practically did not change for half a century.
For 25 years, silver samples in coins ranged from 0.500 to 0.400.
KM # 155, 5 centavos 1916, silver 0.450, 4.3 M ex. years 1896-1919
KM # 156, 10 centavos 1908, silver 0.400, 4.1 M ex. years of production 1896-1919
KM # 157, 20 centavos 1920, silver 0.400, 4.2 M ex, years 1895-1920
In 1907, in exchange for the stopped minting of a coin of 50 centavos, Chile issued an unconventional face value of 40 centavos for the public. The coin did not enjoy success among the population, and therefore the issue of 1908 was the last for the coin.
KM # 163, 40 centavos 1908, silver 0.400, 1.4 M ex. years 1907,1908
In 1920, coins in denominations of 5, 10 and 20 centavos were issued on copper-nickel blanks.
KM # 165, 5 centavos 1922, copper-nickel alloy, 3.9 million equivalent, production years 1920-1938
KM # 166, 10 centavos 1938, copper-nickel alloy, 5 million equivalent, production years 1920-1941
For the period from 1920 to 1941, 20 centavo coins are issued in four varieties, differing in the size of the denomination digits and the presence/absence of the engraver's name on the obverse.
KM # 167.1, 20 centavos 1923 (large numbers, no engraver name), copper-nickel alloy, 5.4 million equivalent, production years 1920-1929
KM # 167.3, 20 centavos 1939 (name of engraver is indicated), copper-nickel alloy, 5.3 million equivalent, production years 1932-1941
In 1926, the rate of pegging the peso to the British pound was adjusted, the cost of 1 peso fell to 6 pence (1 pound = 40 pesos).
The senior denominations in 1927 were issued on 0.500 samples (1 and 2 pesos) and 0.900 samples (5 pesos).
In 1932, a 1 peso coin was last issued in silver (sample 0.400), and one and a half times less weight.
KM # 174, 1 peso 1932, silver 0.400, 4 M ex. only year of production
In 1932, the gold standard adopted in 1895 was suspended. The peso rate finally collapsed, and in 1933 it became the senior coin of the 1 peso line already produced on copper-nickel blanks.
KM # 176.1, 1 peso 1933 (without designer's name), copper-nickel alloy, 30 M equivalent, single year of manufacture
In 1942, Chile changes the face of its coins. They feature a profile of national hero Bernardo O'Higgins for the first time. Coins were issued again on copper blanks for already known reasons.
KM # 177, 20 centavos 1943, copper, 396 MMex. production years 1942-1953
KM # 178, 50 centavos 1942, copper, 4.7 MMex. single year of manufacture
KM # 179, 1 peso 1945, copper, 7.6 MMex. production years 1942-1954