The review of coins of British India issued in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century will be incomplete, if we do not mention the coins issued in the so-called "native principalities" - states on the territory of the Hindustan Peninsula, which were under the British protectorate, but formally were not part of British India. This review will be updated periodically with new sections.
Translated from Sanskrit, "rupee" is forged silver. Despite the fact that written references to the rupee date back to the 3rd century BC, the first rupees as a means of calculation appeared in India in 1542 during the reign of Sher Shah. The first issue of rupee by the East India Company took place in 1677. The Madras, Bombay and Bengal presidencies of the East India Company each issued their own coins. Only in 1835 was a single silver standard introduced, according to which coins issued in the territories included in the zone of influence of the East India Company began to have a single sample and weight.
Portugal is the westernmost state in Europe. In the series of revolutions that swept the continent in the last century, this country was the first to abolish the monarchy and become a Republic. It happened in 1910. The first coins of the Portuguese Republic, as well as the coins of the last three monarchs, will be discussed in this topic.